{"id":19740,"date":"2023-10-13T11:38:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-13T11:38:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/?p=19740"},"modified":"2023-10-13T11:38:00","modified_gmt":"2023-10-13T11:38:00","slug":"analysis-of-propagation-delay-in-vlsi-cmos-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/analysis-of-propagation-delay-in-vlsi-cmos-design\/","title":{"rendered":"Analysis of Propagation Delay In VLSI CMOS Design"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"19740\" class=\"elementor elementor-19740\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis: 100%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When designing integrated circuits (ICs), electrical engineers must consider propagation delay in VLSI CMOS design. The propagation delay of a logic gate is defined as the time it takes for the effect of a change in input to be evident at the output. In other words, propagation delay is the time it takes for the input to reach the output.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Get to know more about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/cmos-design-what-you-must-know\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CMOS Design<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in VLSI.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Propagation delay in VLSI is normally described as the time difference between when the transitional input reaches 50% of its final value and when the output reaches 50% of its final value. This demonstrates the influence of input change. In this case, 50% is defined as the logic threshold at which output (or, more specifically, any signal) is presumed to flip states. It is represented by the symbol \u2018tpd\u2019. It is also known as gate delay.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why Consider Propagation Delay?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modern integrated circuits can contain billions of gates and operate at extraordinary speeds. Inconsistent propagation delay in an integrated circuit can result in data mistakes or race situations on the chip. As a result, propagation delay is a significant consideration in high-speed circuit design and a limiting factor in the processing speed, or frequency (in hertz), that a processor can operate at. Consider taking up a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/vlsi-training-online\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VLSI course<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> if you are eager to know more about this topic in detail.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/elearn.chipedge.com\/\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-29723\" src=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Self-Paced-final.png\" alt=\"Self Paced VLSI courses banner\" width=\"975\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Self-Paced-final.png 975w, https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Self-Paced-final-300x31.png 300w, https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Self-Paced-final-768x79.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What influences propagation delay in VLSI?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The propagation delay of a logic gate is not constant and is determined by two factors:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Input transition time causes output transition:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The longer the transition time at the input, the longer the cell\u2019s propagation delay. Signals should transition quicker to reduce propagation delays.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Output load of the logic gate:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The greater the capacitive load at the cell\u2019s output, the greater the effort (time required) to charge it. As a result, the propagation latency increases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read more about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/what-is-an-fpga-in-vlsi\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">what is FPGA in VLSI<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/online-vlsi-courses\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-29724\" src=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/weekend-vlsi-final.png\" alt=\"weekend VLSI courses banner\" width=\"975\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/weekend-vlsi-final.png 975w, https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/weekend-vlsi-final-300x31.png 300w, https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/weekend-vlsi-final-768x79.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How to Avoid Propagation Delay in VLSI Digital Circuits?<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce your clock frequency:\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most apparent option is to reduce your clock frequency. Your time will improve if you can run your FPGA slower.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Divide your logic into stages (pipeline):\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The more robust solution is to divide your logic into steps. The propagation delay will be reduced and your design will satisfy timing constraints if you perform less \u201cstuff\u201d between two Flip-Flops.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you found this interesting and want to know more about VLSI CMOS design, or are willing to make a career in the VLSI field, then Chipedge is here to get started. Being the best VLSI training institute in Bangalore, it offers a wide range of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/vlsi-training-online\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VLSI courses online<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> including DFT courses, RTL design courses, Verification courses, and many more. Visit the website and explore the varied VLSI courses that offer unlimited semiconductor industry opportunities. Contact us to know more.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/selective-focus-photography-of-heatsink-1432797\/\">Image Source<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdef24e elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"cdef24e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/elearn.chipedge.com\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Explore Self Paced VLSI Courses<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis: 100%;\"><!-- wp:freeform -->\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When designing integrated circuits (ICs), electrical engineers must consider propagation delay in VLSI CMOS design. The propagation delay of a logic gate is defined as the time it takes for the effect of a change in input to be evident at the output. In other words, propagation delay is the time it takes for the input to reach the output.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Get to know more about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/cmos-design-what-you-must-know\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CMOS Design<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in VLSI.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Propagation delay in VLSI is normally described as the time difference between when the transitional input reaches 50% of its final value and when the output reaches 50% of its final value. This demonstrates the influence of input change. In this case, 50% is defined as the logic threshold at which output (or, more specifically, any signal) is presumed to flip states. It is represented by the symbol \u2018tpd\u2019. It is also known as gate delay.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why Consider Propagation Delay?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modern integrated circuits can contain billions of gates and operate at extraordinary speeds. Inconsistent propagation delay in an integrated circuit can result in data mistakes or race situations on the chip. As a result, propagation delay is a significant consideration in high-speed circuit design and a limiting factor in the processing speed, or frequency (in hertz), that a processor can operate at. Consider taking up a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/vlsi-training-online\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VLSI course<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> if you are eager to know more about this topic in detail.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/elearn.chipedge.com\/\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-29723\" src=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Self-Paced-final.png\" alt=\"Self Paced VLSI courses banner\" width=\"975\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Self-Paced-final.png 975w, https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Self-Paced-final-300x31.png 300w, https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Self-Paced-final-768x79.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What influences propagation delay in VLSI?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The propagation delay of a logic gate is not constant and is determined by two factors:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Input transition time causes output transition:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The longer the transition time at the input, the longer the cell\u2019s propagation delay. Signals should transition quicker to reduce propagation delays.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Output load of the logic gate:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The greater the capacitive load at the cell\u2019s output, the greater the effort (time required) to charge it. As a result, the propagation latency increases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read more about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/what-is-an-fpga-in-vlsi\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">what is FPGA in VLSI<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/online-vlsi-courses\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-29724\" src=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/weekend-vlsi-final.png\" alt=\"weekend VLSI courses banner\" width=\"975\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/weekend-vlsi-final.png 975w, https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/weekend-vlsi-final-300x31.png 300w, https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/weekend-vlsi-final-768x79.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How to Avoid Propagation Delay in VLSI Digital Circuits?<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce your clock frequency:\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most apparent option is to reduce your clock frequency. Your time will improve if you can run your FPGA slower.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Divide your logic into stages (pipeline):\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The more robust solution is to divide your logic into steps. The propagation delay will be reduced and your design will satisfy timing constraints if you perform less \u201cstuff\u201d between two Flip-Flops.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you found this interesting and want to know more about VLSI CMOS design, or are willing to make a career in the VLSI field, then Chipedge is here to get started. Being the best VLSI training institute in Bangalore, it offers a wide range of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/vlsi-training-online\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VLSI courses online<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> including DFT courses, RTL design courses, Verification courses, and many more. Visit the website and explore the varied VLSI courses that offer unlimited semiconductor industry opportunities. Contact us to know more.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/selective-focus-photography-of-heatsink-1432797\/\">Image Source<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdef24e elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"cdef24e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/elearn.chipedge.com\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Explore Self Paced VLSI Courses<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-758c864a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"758c864a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b03507d\" data-id=\"1b03507d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d8a691b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d8a691b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\"><!-- wp:column {\"width\":\"100%\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis: 100%;\"><!-- wp:freeform -->\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When designing integrated circuits (ICs), electrical engineers must consider propagation delay in VLSI CMOS design. The propagation delay of a logic gate is defined as the time it takes for the effect of a change in input to be evident at the output. In other words, propagation delay is the time it takes for the input to reach the output.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Get to know more about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/cmos-design-what-you-must-know\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CMOS Design<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in VLSI.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Propagation delay in VLSI is normally described as the time difference between when the transitional input reaches 50% of its final value and when the output reaches 50% of its final value. This demonstrates the influence of input change. In this case, 50% is defined as the logic threshold at which output (or, more specifically, any signal) is presumed to flip states. It is represented by the symbol \u2018tpd\u2019. It is also known as gate delay.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why Consider Propagation Delay?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modern integrated circuits can contain billions of gates and operate at extraordinary speeds. Inconsistent propagation delay in an integrated circuit can result in data mistakes or race situations on the chip. As a result, propagation delay is a significant consideration in high-speed circuit design and a limiting factor in the processing speed, or frequency (in hertz), that a processor can operate at. Consider taking up a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/vlsi-training-online\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VLSI course<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> if you are eager to know more about this topic in detail.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/elearn.chipedge.com\/\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-29723\" src=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Self-Paced-final.png\" alt=\"Self Paced VLSI courses banner\" width=\"975\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Self-Paced-final.png 975w, https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Self-Paced-final-300x31.png 300w, https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Self-Paced-final-768x79.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What influences propagation delay in VLSI?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The propagation delay of a logic gate is not constant and is determined by two factors:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Input transition time causes output transition:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The longer the transition time at the input, the longer the cell\u2019s propagation delay. Signals should transition quicker to reduce propagation delays.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Output load of the logic gate:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The greater the capacitive load at the cell\u2019s output, the greater the effort (time required) to charge it. As a result, the propagation latency increases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read more about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/what-is-an-fpga-in-vlsi\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">what is FPGA in VLSI<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/online-vlsi-courses\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-29724\" src=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/weekend-vlsi-final.png\" alt=\"weekend VLSI courses banner\" width=\"975\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/weekend-vlsi-final.png 975w, https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/weekend-vlsi-final-300x31.png 300w, https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/weekend-vlsi-final-768x79.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How to Avoid Propagation Delay in VLSI Digital Circuits?<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce your clock frequency:\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most apparent option is to reduce your clock frequency. Your time will improve if you can run your FPGA slower.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Divide your logic into stages (pipeline):\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The more robust solution is to divide your logic into steps. The propagation delay will be reduced and your design will satisfy timing constraints if you perform less \u201cstuff\u201d between two Flip-Flops.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you found this interesting and want to know more about VLSI CMOS design, or are willing to make a career in the VLSI field, then Chipedge is here to get started. Being the best VLSI training institute in Bangalore, it offers a wide range of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chipedge.com\/resources\/vlsi-training-online\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VLSI courses online<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> including DFT courses, RTL design courses, Verification courses, and many more. Visit the website and explore the varied VLSI courses that offer unlimited semiconductor industry opportunities. Contact us to know more.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/selective-focus-photography-of-heatsink-1432797\/\">Image Source<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdef24e elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"cdef24e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/elearn.chipedge.com\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Explore Self Paced VLSI Courses<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When designing integrated circuits (ICs), electrical engineers must consider propagation delay in VLSI CMOS design. 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